“30碳達峰(feng)60碳中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)”是基于(yu)推動(dong)構建人類命運共(gong)同體和(he)實現可(ke)持(chi)續發展作出(chu)的重(zhong)大(da)戰(zhan)略決策，是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)對(dui)世界莊嚴承諾的階段性(xing)控(kong)碳目標(biao)，必(bi)將(jiang)影(ying)響到整個經濟(ji)社會(hui)的發展。控(kong)碳的終極目標(biao)是減碳，一切經濟(ji)社會(hui)活動(dong)都要錨定(ding)這個減碳目標(biao)；在此背景(jing)下，生活垃圾資(zi)源化利用(yong)將(jiang)迎來新機遇(yu)和(he)新挑戰(zhan)。

1、減碳(tan)背景(jing)下生活垃圾資源(yuan)化利用的(de)新(xin)機遇

減碳(tan)之要在于以整個大(da)氣(qi)作為一個控制體，使(shi)輸(shu)入大(da)氣(qi)的二氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)總量少于輸(shu)出大(da)氣(qi)的二氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)總量，從(cong)而減小(xiao)大(da)氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)的含量。

二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)的(de)輸入大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)根(gen)本途徑(jing)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)控制體之外的(de)煤炭、石油、天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等石化(hua)燃料(liao)及其(qi)衍(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)品的(de)燃燒；二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)的(de)輸出大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)最可靠的(de)途徑(jing)是(shi)通過光合作用(yong)將大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)的(de)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成生(sheng)(sheng)物質，再就是(shi)碳(tan)(tan)捕集、利用(yong)和封存(cun)(cun)。減(jian)碳(tan)(tan)就要減(jian)少(shao)石化(hua)燃料(liao)及其(qi)衍(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)品（包括衍(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)品廢(fei)棄所產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃圾——下統稱為石化(hua)類生(sheng)(sheng)活垃圾）的(de)燃燒利用(yong)以減(jian)少(shao)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)輸入大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)總(zong)量和加強光合作用(yong)及碳(tan)(tan)捕集、利用(yong)、封存(cun)(cun)以增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)輸出大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)總(zong)量。

減碳(tan)為生(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)資(zi)源(yuan)化利(li)用帶來新機遇。減碳(tan)將提(ti)升生(sheng)物質類生(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)作(zuo)為煤、油、氣的(de)替(ti)代能(neng)源(yuan)和生(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)作(zuo)為生(sheng)產生(sheng)活的(de)替(ti)代原料的(de)地(di)位，帶給生(sheng)物質能(neng)量利(li)用和物質利(li)用2大新機遇。

生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)類生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾(ji)直接(jie)燃(ran)燒(shao)利用(yong)(yong)且燃(ran)燒(shao)生(sheng)成的(de)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)排進大氣(qi)，雖然(ran)沒(mei)有(you)(you)直接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)(tan)效(xiao)果，但因(yin)其向外輸出凈(jing)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（回(hui)收的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)自耗能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)之差），起到石化燃(ran)料的(de)替代作用(yong)(yong)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)間接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)(tan)效(xiao)果；所以，減(jian)碳(tan)(tan)將激發(fa)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)類生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾(ji)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)利用(yong)(yong)。當(dang)然(ran)，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)類生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾(ji)的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)利用(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)固碳(tan)(tan)效(xiao)果，將凈(jing)減(jian)小大氣(qi)中二氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)的(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，即生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)類生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾(ji)的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)利用(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)直接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)(tan)效(xiao)果。

石化(hua)(hua)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)直接(jie)燃(ran)燒(shao)利(li)(li)用(yong)且燃(ran)燒(shao)生(sheng)(sheng)成的二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)排進大氣，與石化(hua)(hua)燃(ran)料燃(ran)燒(shao)利(li)(li)用(yong)一樣，將增加(jia)大氣中二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)的含量，即具有(you)增碳(tan)作用(yong)。石化(hua)(hua)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)的物質(zhi)利(li)(li)用(yong)既不減碳(tan)也(ye)不增碳(tan)。減碳(tan)將鼓勵石化(hua)(hua)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)物質(zhi)利(li)(li)用(yong)而抑(yi)制石化(hua)(hua)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)直接(jie)燃(ran)燒(shao)利(li)(li)用(yong)。

根據《3060零碳生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)潛(qian)力藍皮(pi)書（2021年9月(yue)）》，我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)年產量(liang)(liang)(liang)2020年達到3.1億(yi)噸，能量(liang)(liang)(liang)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)（焚燒發(fa)(fa)電）1.43億(yi)噸（能量(liang)(liang)(liang)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)率46.1%）。能量(liang)(liang)(liang)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)能力已經(jing)具備，但可(ke)(ke)回收物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)和廚(chu)余(yu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)能力嚴重(zhong)不(bu)足（可(ke)(ke)回收物(wu)、廚(chu)余(yu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)和其他垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)比例大(da)致是30%：30%：40%）；減碳背景下生(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點應放在可(ke)(ke)回收物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)和廚(chu)余(yu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)2大(da)領域(yu)。

2、減碳背景下生(sheng)活垃圾資源化利用(yong)路線

各地可結合自(zi)身情(qing)況，采(cai)用層次分(fen)析法，具體分(fen)析適合自(zi)身發展的生活垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)治(zhi)理(li)(li)路線(xian)(xian)。下圖是生活垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)治(zhi)理(li)(li)路線(xian)(xian)的層次分(fen)析模型，判斷準(zhun)則采(cai)用資源保護、環(huan)境(jing)保護、減(jian)碳效果(guo)、經濟集約和社會治(zhi)理(li)(li)5個準(zhun)則，垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)處理(li)(li)方(fang)法分(fen)為垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)源頭減(jian)量與排(pai)放控制、生物質類(lei)垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)物質利(li)(li)用、石(shi)化類(lei)垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)物質利(li)(li)用、生物質類(lei)垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)能量利(li)(li)用、石(shi)化類(lei)垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)能量利(li)(li)用和垃圾(ji)(ji)(ji)衛生填埋6種方(fang)法。

層(ceng)次(ci)分(fen)析時需要分(fen)析每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)垃(la)圾處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法對(dui)每(mei)個準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)的(de)重要性(xing)（用1至9標度，1表示(shi)一(yi)般，9表示(shi)極度重要），即層(ceng)次(ci)分(fen)析模型中(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法與每(mei)個準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)都存在或(huo)(huo)強(qiang)或(huo)(huo)弱的(de)關(guan)系，但圖中(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)未畫出(chu)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法與準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)之(zhi)間一(yi)一(yi)對(dui)應的(de)連線，而只畫出(chu)一(yi)些重要的(de)連線，目(mu)的(de)是為了清晰表示(shi)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法對(dui)某(mou)個準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)更重要。圖中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)垃(la)圾能量利用系指(zhi)(zhi)直接焚燒(shao)利用且煙氣中(zhong)(zhong)二氧化碳(tan)直接排進(jin)大氣，不包括轉化去碳(tan)后燃(ran)燒(shao)利用。圖中(zhong)(zhong)經濟集約(yue)(yue)準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)指(zhi)(zhi)節約(yue)(yue)土地、節約(yue)(yue)資金、先(xian)進(jin)技術管理(li)和生產收入，不包括財政補貼；社會(hui)治理(li)則(ze)(ze)是社會(hui)化、良性(xing)互(hu)動(dong)和人(ren)民滿意的(de)衡量準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)。

根據上述模型(xing)中每(mei)(mei)種(zhong)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)法的連(lian)線數量，不用(yong)(yong)數學(xue)分析，便(bian)可看(kan)出每(mei)(mei)種(zhong)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)法的重要性(xing)：“垃(la)圾(ji)源頭減(jian)量與排放控制”和(he)“生(sheng)物質(zhi)類生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)物質(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)”最(zui)重要，同時(shi)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護、環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護、減(jian)碳、經濟(ji)集約和(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治理(li)作用(yong)(yong)；其次是(shi)石化類生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)物質(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護、環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護、經濟(ji)集約和(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治理(li)作用(yong)(yong)，但既不減(jian)碳也不增碳；再其次是(shi)生(sheng)物質(zhi)類生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)能量利(li)用(yong)(yong)，具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護、間接減(jian)碳和(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治理(li)作用(yong)(yong)，接下來是(shi)石化類生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)能量利(li)用(yong)(yong)，具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護和(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治理(li)作用(yong)(yong)，但具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)增碳作用(yong)(yong)；最(zui)后是(shi)填埋，僅(jin)作為維持社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)秩序的兜底和(he)應急之用(yong)(yong)。

由此可知，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾治理應(ying)走“強化(hua)(hua)源頭減(jian)(jian)量(liang)與排放(fang)控制、物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)用(yong)，重(zhong)視(shi)能(neng)量(liang)利(li)(li)用(yong)并配(pei)備(bei)足夠庫容的(de)垃(la)(la)圾填埋”的(de)綜(zong)合(he)治理路(lu)線(xian)(xian)。減(jian)(jian)碳(tan)背景下，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾資源化(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)應(ying)走綜(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)路(lu)線(xian)(xian)，強化(hua)(hua)源頭減(jian)(jian)量(liang)與排放(fang)控制、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)用(yong)的(de)減(jian)(jian)碳(tan)效(xiao)果(guo)，重(zhong)視(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾能(neng)量(liang)利(li)(li)用(yong)的(de)間接減(jian)(jian)碳(tan)效(xiao)果(guo)，開發石化(hua)(hua)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)用(yong)、能(neng)量(liang)利(li)(li)用(yong)的(de)減(jian)(jian)碳(tan)方法、技術、工藝和(he)設備(bei)。

3、減碳背景下生(sheng)活垃圾資源化(hua)利用的新(xin)挑戰

如何(he)提(ti)高生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)資(zi)源化利用(yong)的(de)減碳(tan)效果，又如何(he)拓寬生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)資(zi)源化利用(yong)途徑和提(ti)高生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)資(zi)源化利用(yong)的(de)效率，是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)資(zi)源化利用(yong)在(zai)減碳(tan)背景下遇到(dao)的(de)新挑戰(zhan)。

3.1提高生(sheng)活垃圾綜合利用水(shui)平

生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)垃圾綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是由物質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與能量利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)串(chuan)(chuan)、并聯(lian)所形成的(de)(de)網絡。物質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與能量利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)基本聯(lian)結(jie)方式有串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)和(he)并聯(lian)2種（串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)方式存在先(xian)物質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)后能量利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與先(xian)能量利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)后物質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)分），生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)垃圾綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)包括1個或多個物質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與能量利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)基本聯(lian)結(jie)。根(gen)據生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)垃圾及(ji)其(qi)(qi)處(chu)理過程中產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)二次垃圾的(de)(de)流(liu)向可(ke)畫出生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)垃圾綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)流(liu)程（或回路），下圖是生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)垃圾綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)示(shi)意流(liu)程（生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)垃圾分為生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)類(lei)(lei)、石化類(lei)(lei)和(he)其(qi)(qi)他類(lei)(lei)）。實(shi)際(ji)的(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)流(liu)程可(ke)能比這個示(shi)意流(liu)程復雜得(de)多。

減碳背景(jing)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)綜合(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)流(liu)(liu)程的(de)優(you)化(hua)(hua)是垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)治(zhi)理的(de)一項新任務。生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)綜合(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)優(you)化(hua)(hua)包括分(fen)類(lei)優(you)化(hua)(hua)、利(li)用(yong)(yong)設施(shi)及(ji)其(qi)布(bu)(bu)局優(you)化(hua)(hua)、逆向物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)網絡優(you)化(hua)(hua)等，如何(he)分(fen)類(lei)更利(li)于減碳和(he)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)妥(tuo)善(shan)治(zhi)理、如何(he)安排物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)量利(li)用(yong)(yong)設施(shi)及(ji)其(qi)布(bu)(bu)局更便于組織(zhi)(zhi)逆向物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)和(he)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)妥(tuo)善(shan)處理，如何(he)組織(zhi)(zhi)逆向物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)更便于物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)量、信(xin)息(xi)等流(liu)(liu)通和(he)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)妥(tuo)善(shan)處理。從減碳角度分(fen)析(xi)，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)應物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)量利(li)用(yong)(yong)并舉(ju)，石(shi)化(hua)(hua)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)應先物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)和(he)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)部分(fen)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)量利(li)用(yong)(yong)。

3.2拓寬(kuan)生物質資源化利(li)用(yong)途徑(jing)

是(shi)否可以(yi)開發(fa)出更多的生(sheng)活垃圾物質利用和能量利用途(tu)徑，甚(shen)至具有(you)(you)直接減碳效果的生(sheng)活垃圾能量利用途(tu)徑呢？相信答(da)案是(shi)肯定(ding)的，但具有(you)(you)挑(tiao)戰性。

生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和能(neng)(neng)量利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)都有2種方(fang)式：生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和將(jiang)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)后間接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。這里的(de)(de)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)希(xi)指(zhi)所(suo)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對象(xiang)是(shi)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)身，沒有物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)改(gai)變(bian)，如重復利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和再造(zao)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)間接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)先(xian)將(jiang)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（經動物(wu)(wu)、微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)、物(wu)(wu)理(li)化(hua)(hua)學）轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對象(xiang)（物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)或(huo)能(neng)(neng)量）再對所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對象(xiang)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)或(huo)改(gai)性(xing)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，所(suo)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)對象(xiang)是(shi)從生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)衍生出來的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)或(huo)能(neng)(neng)量，不具有生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)質(zhi)，不再是(shi)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)身，如將(jiang)生物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)類(lei)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)先(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)沼氣(qi)(qi)在利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)沼氣(qi)(qi)、沼渣(zha)等(deng)。平常(chang)所(suo)講直接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)內能(neng)(neng)供(gong)熱是(shi)指(zhi)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)內能(neng)(neng)而不是(shi)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)身，指(zhi)不將(jiang)熱能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)機械能(neng)(neng)或(huo)電能(neng)(neng)，實際上是(shi)一種生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)間接(jie)(jie)(jie)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。

據此(ci)，拓(tuo)寬生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)方向大致(zhi)有(you)三：一是(shi)拓(tuo)寬生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)直接(jie)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，如將生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)制(zhi)成種養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)原料(liao)(liao)、建筑材料(liao)(liao)、土地回用(yong)(yong)等；二是(shi)拓(tuo)寬生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，包括拓(tuo)寬生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方法、所用(yong)(yong)對象（物(wu)質(zhi)或能量(liang)）種類及其(qi)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，如將廚余垃(la)(la)圾(ji)、農林種養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)先轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)，再沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)直接(jie)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)發電，或沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)去碳（甲烷裂解(jie)制(zhi)氫(qing)）后燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)發電，或沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工原料(liao)(liao)等；轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方法、中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)物(wu)及其(qi)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)都(dou)是(shi)值得研究(jiu)的(de)(de)項目；值得強調的(de)(de)是(shi)喂養(yang)動物(wu)不(bu)僅是(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)直接(jie)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一條(tiao)重(zhong)(zhong)要途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，也是(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)經動物(wu)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)后再間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一條(tiao)重(zhong)(zhong)要途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)；三是(shi)拓(tuo)寬生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)二次廢棄物(wu)的(de)(de)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，如利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)沼(zhao)(zhao)渣堆(dui)肥、種養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)，又如近期較受(shou)關注(zhu)的(de)(de)煙氣(qi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)等。

將生活垃(la)圾直接燃燒(shao)的煙氣中的二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)成甲烷(wan)是有吸引力的（碳(tan)捕(bu)集(ji)、利用(yong)和封存值得(de)期(qi)待）。目(mu)前有2種思路，一是二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)與水常溫(wen)常壓下催化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)生成甲烷(wan)，二(er)是二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)加氫催化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)（Sabatier反(fan)應(ying)）生成甲烷(wan)。

已有企業試圖(tu)將二(er)(er)氧(yang)化碳(tan)和水轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)甲烷等資源。日本(ben)昭和殼牌石油公(gong)司的(de)一種技術利(li)用太(tai)陽光在(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)常(chang)(chang)壓下(xia)將二(er)(er)氧(yang)化碳(tan)和水轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)甲烷等資源。據介紹，該(gai)公(gong)司利(li)用燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)中使(shi)用的(de)氣體擴散電(dian)極和新研發的(de)催化劑，在(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)常(chang)(chang)壓條(tiao)件下(xia)僅利(li)用太(tai)陽光就可(ke)直(zhi)接將水和二(er)(er)氧(yang)化碳(tan)轉(zhuan)化為甲烷和乙烯。該(gai)公(gong)司認為，這一技術是(shi)減少二(er)(er)氧(yang)化碳(tan)排放(fang)和新能源合成(cheng)領域(yu)的(de)重要進展。

日本政府試圖利用Sabatier反應將二氧化碳催化加氫甲烷(wan)(wan)化。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)產業(ye)省將與日(ri)本(ben)(ben)制(zhi)鐵、三(san)菱商(shang)事(shi)等19家(jia)企業(ye)磋商(shang)，研(yan)究如(ru)何(he)加強二氧化碳甲烷(wan)(wan)化的(de)(de)技(ji)術研(yan)發。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)產業(ye)經(jing)濟(ji)省提出的(de)(de)分(fen)階段是，到(dao)2030年以合成(cheng)甲烷(wan)(wan)置換(huan)1%以上(shang)的(de)(de)民用燃(ran)氣，到(dao)2050年一舉擴大至(zhi)90%。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)燃(ran)氣協會的(de)(de)測算顯示(shi)，1%的(de)(de)置換(huan)量(liang)可以減排(pai)(pai)80萬噸二氧化碳，而90%的(de)(de)置換(huan)量(liang)則(ze)能(neng)夠減排(pai)(pai)8000萬噸二氧化碳，分(fen)別相當于(yu)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)總排(pai)(pai)放量(liang)的(de)(de)0.07%和7%。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)計(ji)劃(hua)能(neng)否(fou)成(cheng)功取(qu)決于(yu)太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)制(zhi)氫成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)能(neng)否(fou)控制(zhi)住(zhu)。

拓寬生物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)利(li)用(yong)與能量利(li)用(yong)途徑事關(guan)生物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)資源化(hua)利(li)用(yong)的發(fa)展前景，需要加大研究開(kai)發(fa)生物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)綜(zong)合(he)利(li)用(yong)途徑、技術、工(gong)藝、設備和(he)產品的力度。

3.3提高生活垃圾資源化(hua)利用效(xiao)率

如何提(ti)(ti)高生(sheng)活垃(la)圾物(wu)質利(li)(li)用(yong)的直(zhi)接減碳(tan)(tan)(tan)效果(guo)（固碳(tan)(tan)(tan)效果(guo)）和減小其間接增碳(tan)(tan)(tan)效果(guo)，又如何提(ti)(ti)高提(ti)(ti)高生(sheng)物(wu)質類生(sheng)活垃(la)圾能(neng)量(liang)利(li)(li)用(yong)的間接減碳(tan)(tan)(tan)效果(guo)呢？這需要提(ti)(ti)高資源(yuan)回收(shou)利(li)(li)用(yong)率和降(jiang)低資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)系統的自耗能(neng)量(liang)，換言之，需要提(ti)(ti)高生(sheng)活垃(la)圾資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)系統的效率。

不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)生活垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)用途徑、技(ji)術、工(gong)藝和(he)(he)設備具有不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)效率(lv)。建(jian)設和(he)(he)改擴建(jian)生活垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)用項(xiang)目時要選用效率(lv)較高(gao)的(de)(de)途徑、技(ji)術、工(gong)藝和(he)(he)設備（選型）以提(ti)高(gao)資(zi)源回收利(li)用率(lv)，并優化(hua)(hua)節能(neng)(neng)方(fang)案和(he)(he)完善信息(xi)化(hua)(hua)、智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)、智慧(hui)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)理方(fang)案以降低資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)用系(xi)統的(de)(de)自耗能(neng)(neng)量，保障生活垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)用系(xi)統達到較高(gao)的(de)(de)效率(lv)。生活垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)用的(de)(de)選型、節能(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)管(guan)理的(de)(de)增(zeng)效減碳(tan)空(kong)間較大。

以生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)利用(yong)為例(li)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質直接(jie)燃(ran)燒/蒸(zheng)汽輪(lun)機發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)只(zhi)有(you)22%左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，但(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成沼(zhao)氣/內燃(ran)式(shi)沼(zhao)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，因(yin)沼(zhao)氣含水率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)低(di)和內燃(ran)式(shi)沼(zhao)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組較(jiao)蒸(zheng)汽輪(lun)機發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組具(ju)有(you)更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，將(jiang)具(ju)有(you)28%以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)（假定生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)固料轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成沼(zhao)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換率(lv)(lv)為60%）；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)越(yue)(yue)(yue)高(gao)，單(dan)位(wei)二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)便越(yue)(yue)(yue)大，因(yin)此，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)收(shou)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大；擴大而(er)言，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)利用(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)收(shou)利用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)越(yue)(yue)(yue)高(gao)，其(qi)間(jian)接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大，可以引進“單(dan)位(wei)回(hui)收(shou)利用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)”指標代替能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)收(shou)利用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)指標來衡量(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)利用(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)。除發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)或能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)收(shou)利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)外，系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方案和管理水平將(jiang)影(ying)響系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)，這也會(hui)影(ying)響系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)接(jie)減(jian)碳(tan)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)；目前(qian)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質直接(jie)焚燒發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)比大多在10%至15%范圍(wei)內變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，這種高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗與(yu)差異除選型因(yin)素外，就(jiu)是節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)管理水平因(yin)素。

4、總結與案例分析

4.1總結

1）減碳背景下，生活垃圾資源化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，無論是能量利(li)用(yong)(yong)還是物質利(li)用(yong)(yong)，大有作為(wei)；

2）生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)治(zhi)理(li)應走(zou)“強(qiang)化源頭減量(liang)與排(pai)放控制、物(wu)質(zhi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)，重視能量(liang)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)并配(pei)備足夠庫(ku)容的垃圾(ji)填埋”的綜合(he)治(zhi)理(li)路線。減碳背景下，生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)資源化利用(yong)(yong)(yong)應走(zou)綜合(he)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)路線，強(qiang)化源頭減量(liang)與排(pai)放控制、生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)類(lei)生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)的減碳效果(guo)，重視生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)類(lei)生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)能量(liang)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)的間接減碳效果(guo)，開發(fa)石化類(lei)生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)、能量(liang)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)的減碳方法、技術、工藝和設備。

3）宜區(qu)別對待生物質類生活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾與石化類生活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾的(de)資源化利用及其減(jian)碳效果，提高生活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾綜(zong)(zong)合利用水(shui)平及其綜(zong)(zong)合減(jian)碳效果；

4）要加大(da)研究開(kai)發生活垃圾(ji)綜(zong)合利用(yong)途徑(jing)、技(ji)術、工藝、設備和產品的力度，拓寬生活垃圾(ji)物質利用(yong)與能量利用(yong)途徑(jing)；

5）通過選型、節能和管理提高生活垃圾資(zi)源(yuan)化利(li)用(yong)系統的效率，重點提高資(zi)源(yuan)回收利(li)用(yong)率和降低資(zi)源(yuan)化利(li)用(yong)系統的自耗能量。

4.2廚余(yu)垃圾資(zi)源化利用(yong)案例分析(xi)

減碳背景下，廚余(yu)垃圾資源化利用(yong)要(yao)回答一(yi)下問題：

1）是物質(zhi)利(li)用(yong)還是能量利(li)用(yong)，又或(huo)是物質(zhi)利(li)用(yong)與(yu)能量利(li)用(yong)并(bing)舉(ju)的綜合利(li)用(yong)？

2）物質利(li)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接利(li)用(yong)(yong)還(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)轉化(hua)后(hou)(hou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，直(zhi)接利(li)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)動(dong)物飼喂還(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)土地回用(yong)(yong)或其他，轉化(hua)后(hou)(hou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)的轉化(hua)方法(fa)和有待利(li)用(yong)(yong)的中間物是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么？能量利(li)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)干化(hua)后(hou)(hou)直(zhi)接焚燒(shao)還(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)轉成(cheng)清潔(jie)燃料后(hou)(hou)再燃燒(shao)利(li)用(yong)(yong)？綜合利(li)用(yong)(yong)方式是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么？

3）轉化(hua)工(gong)藝怎(zen)樣(yang)、轉化(hua)率(lv)多(duo)高(gao)及如何(he)提(ti)高(gao)轉化(hua)率(lv)？轉化(hua)前預處理工(gong)藝怎(zen)樣(yang)？4）殘渣、廢(fei)水(shui)、臭氣三廢(fei)如何(he)治理？